Method of repairing leaks in fluid separation apparatus



March 3, 1910 J. E. GE ARY, JR., ET 3.499.

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INVENTORS JAMES EDIARD GEARY, JR. a WILLIAM EDWARD MRSDII {3 JOHN HURDDCK IIAXIELL BY R G0 March 3, 1970 J, GEARY, JR ETAL 3,499,062

METHOD OF REPAIRING LEAKS IN FLUID SEPARATION APPARATUS Original Filed Dec. 22, 1965 10 Sheets-Sheet 2 F I6. 6 2&2

FEED 203/ ZID 206 205 i I T H 1 EFFLUENT INVENTORS JAIIES EDWARD GEARY, JR. IILLIAN EDIARD' HARSDH JON" HURDDDK IAXIELL RICHARD DONALD REGD March 3, 1970 'J. E. GEARY. JR.. L 3,499,962

METHOD OF REPAIRING LEAKS IN FLUID SEPARATION APPARATUS Original Filed Dec. 22, 1965 10 Sheets$heet 3 H E 526: 5 :E

March 3, 1970 J. E. GEARY, JR.. HAL 3,499,962

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March 3, 1970 J. E. GEARY, JR.. ETAL 3,

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March 3, 1970 J. E. GEARY, JR. ETA!- ,9

METHOD OF REPAIRING LEAKS IN FLUID SEPARATION APPARATUS Original Filed Dec. 22, 1965 l0 Sheets-Sheet 8 March 1970 J. E. GEARY. JR.. A 3,4

METHOD OF REPAIRING LEAKS IN FLUID SEPARATION APPARATUS Original Filed Dec. 22, 1965 1 10 she'ets-sheet 9 March-3, 1970 J. E. GEARY, JR.. ETAL 3,499,062

METHOD OF REPAIRING LEAKS IN FLUID SEPARATION APPARATUS Original Filed Dec. 22, 1965 10 Sheets-Sheet 10 z 2% 1 8 Ar -=1 Q .L:F 1: N

I 5 a CI: E E5 HF-IE 1: 1; l g a United States Patent US. Cl. 264-36 2 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A method is provided for repairing leaks in a fluid separation apparatus comprising a fluid-tight tubular casing closed at either end by cast wall members and having a plurality of hollow filaments extending between the members. A solidifiable liquid is placed above one wall member such that the liquid communicates with the interior of the filaments and a pressure difierential is created between the inside and outside of the filaments and between the inside of the filaments and the liquid above the filaments such that the liquid will be drawn into any filaments having leaks therein and will be drawn through the leaks in the filaments and through any leaks in the wall member. The liquid is then removed from the wall member and the liquid in the tubes having leaks therein and in the leaks is solidified. The process may then be carried out with the liquid above the other wall member to repair leaks therein.

This application is a division of Ser. No. 515,535 filed Dec. 22, 1965, now Patent No. 3,442,002 by the same inventors.

This invention relates generally to the field of separating fluids by utilizing their diflerent permeation rates through membrane elements in the form of small hollow filaments made of organic polymeric compositions. More specifically, the invention involves new and improved fluid separation apparatus with new and improved methods of operation. Also involved are novel and improved apparatus and process arrangements for the production or fabrication of the fluid separation apparatus of the invention.

Fluid separation apparatus and methods utilizing hollow filaments of polymeric compositions have been disclosed in the prior art. However, careful examination of such disclosures indicates that the apparatus and process arrangements represented experimental or inefficient, impractical embodiments of the early ideas in this field. In addition, such prior art arrangements were of such designs and possessed features which would not lend themselves either to effective commercial operation or to practical, reliable commercial manufacturing techniques.

It is one general object of this invention to provide new and improved fluid separation apparatus and processes for many fluid separations which overcome the de'- ficiencies and disadvantages of the prior art arrangements especially with respect to 'efiicient, flexible, and reliable commercial operation, and also with respect to simple, direct, and economical designs and practical commercial manufacturing techniques.

It is an additional general object of the invention to provide new and improved commercial manufacturing procedures and equipment for producing the fluid separation apparatus of the invention.

The means and methods by which the objects of the invention are achieved, as well as additional objects and Patented Mar. 3, 1970 ICC advantages thereof will be apparent from a consideration of the following specification and claims taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:

FIGURE 1 is a partial longitudinal sectional view of the fluid separation unit of this invention with parts broken away to show the details of its construction.

FIGURES 2 and 2a are partial transverse cross-sectional views taken at line 2-2 of FIGURE 1, FIGURE 2a being somewhat enlarged.

FIGURE 3 is a partial transverse cross-sectional view taken at line 3-3 of FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 4 is a partial greatly enlarged transverse cross-sectional view of an indicated portion of a group of hollow filaments of the unit shown in FIGURE 2.

FIGURES 5a, 5b, 5c, and 5d are partial showings of illustrative porous sheath members used to surround and constrain the filaments in the groups and bundles.

FIGURE 6 is a schematic diagrammatic showing of a two stage permeation separation system or arrangement utilizing permeation separation units of the type shown in FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 7 is a schematic diagrammatic showing of a three stage permeation separation system or arrangement utilizing permeation separation units of the type shown in FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 8 is a schematic diagrammatic showing of a modified three stage permeation separation system or arrangement utilizing permeation separation units of the type shown in FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 9 is a schematic diagrammatic showing of a four stage permeation separation system or arrangement utilizing permeation separation units of the type FIGURE 10 is a general somewhat schematic perspective View of an apparatus arrangement for forming individual groups of small filaments in the form of hanks, bundles or loops of continuous hollow filaments.

FIGURE 11 is a simple side elevational view of a single hank or loop of continuous hollow filaments in elongated flattened configuration which forms a group or sub-bundle for eventual assembly in the permeation separator unit embodying principles of this invention.

FIGURE 12 is a simple side elevational view showing a single hank or loop of continuous hollow filaments in elongated flattened configuration being encased in and radially constrained by an elongated porous sheath member to make an encased group or bundle.

FIGURE 13 is a partial side elevational View showing a plurality of groups or sub-bundles of hollow filaments, each encased in its porous sheath member, being assembled to form the larger bundle before positioning of the larger bundle in the casing of a permeation separator unit of the invention.

FIGURE 14 is a partial elevational view of a bundle of assembled groups of sheath encased hollow filaments in position for movement into the unit casing after the final porous sheath member or members is positioned around the assembled bundle.

FIGURE 15 is a view similar to FIGURE 14 showing a final porous sheath member being positioned on a bundle of assembled filament groups to radially constrain the same to dimensions which permit positioning of the assembled bundle in the unit casing. 1

FIGURE 16 is a partial longitudinal sectional view of a bundle of assembled filament groups in position in the unit casing with a mold assembly operatively mounted on the casing for formation of a east end closure member for the unit casing.

FIGURE 17 is a view similar to FIGURE 16 showing the completed cast end closure member positioned in the unit casing with the mold assembly removed and before the unwanted excess portions of the cast end closure member is cut away.

FIGURE 18 is a view similar to FIGURE 17 of a completed modified cast end closure member positioned in unit casing as in FIGURE 17, the cast end closure member being the type formed against a radially outwardly positioned layer of heavy immescible liquid in the mold assembly during centrifuging in order to maintain the ends of the bundle of filaments free of the cast material.

FIGURE 19 is a partial perspective view of a centrifuging apparatus used in forming the cast end closure member for the permeator separator unit casing, showing a casing and cooperating mold assemblies in operative engagement with the centrifuging apparatus.

FIGURE 20 is a partial side elevational view of a modified version of the centrifuging apparatus shown in FIG- URE 19 showing a plurality of unit casings in position for formation of one of their cast end-closure members.

A basic unit of fluid separation apparatus representing a preferred embodiment of the invention is shown in FIGURES 1, 2, 3, and 4 of the drawings. Generally speaking, this apparatus depends, for its operation, on the selective passage of gases and liquids through non-porous membrane elements by permeation or activated diffusion. Such passage is usually pictured as involving solution of gaseous or liquid material into one surface of a solid nonporous membrane element, migration of the material through the membrane element under the influence of a difference in concentration or pressure, and emergence of the material from another surface of the membrane element. Separation is obtained when different components of a fluid mixture pass through the nonporous membrane element at different rates. This type of separation involving differential permeation has been achieved, according to the known prior art, in membrane elements of platinum, palladium and their alloys; in membrane elements of silica and certain glasses; and also in membrane units of various polymeric materials.

The preferred apparatus shown in FIGURES 14 comprises an elongated fluid-tight tubular casing assembly 101 formed of a suitable material such as steel. Tubular casing assembly 101 is preferably open at both ends. Both ends are provided with flange elements 102 and outwardly tapered portions 107. In addition the tubular casing assembly is provided with inlet and outlet means 108 and 109 to provide for movement of fluid into and out of the assembly. Preferably, means 108 and 109 communicate with the enlarged interior portion of the tubular assembly formed by tapered portions 107. A plurality of very small hollow filaments 111, of polymeric composition, such as polyethylene terephthalate for example, are positioned inside the tubular casing assembly 101 in a relatively close-packed relationship. As shown in FIG- URES 1-4 the plurality of filaments 111 comprises a number of substantially equal groups 110 of filaments each group firmly peripherally constrained by an elongated flexible porous sleeve member 112 extending longitudinally of the filaments and the groups. In addition, the groups 110 of filaments each surrounded by their porous sleeve members are all surrounded by at least one overall elongated flexible porous sleeve member 113 as shown. The detailed construction and functioning of these sleeve members will be discussed at a later point in this specification. Each end of the tubular casing assembly 101 is closed by a fluid-tight cast wall member 950 preferably formed of polymeric composition, such as an epoxy resin, for example. The hollow filaments, substantially parallel to each other and to the axis of the tubular casing assembly, extend between the cast wall member 950. The hollow filaments have open end portions which are embedded in and extend through the cast wall members in fluid-tight re a on h e o. T e tubular cas g a s m y 1 1 i further provided at each end with outer closure members 103 which cooperate with the tubular casing assembly 101 and the cast wall member 950 to define a closed chamber 130 in communication with the interior portion-s of the hollow filaments. Each chamber 130 is provided with conduit means 104 to permit movement of fiuid between each chamber and a point outside the chamber. The outer closure members 103 are provided with flanges 105 which are. secured to the flanges 102 of the tubular casing assembly by means of belts 106. In the preferred embodiment shown, an annular resilient gasket K of suitable material such as rubber or neoprene is provided between the cast will members 950 and the tubular casing assembly 101 and between the cast wall members and outer closure members 103 to improve the fluid-tight sealing action. The outer closure members 103 are formed of a suitable material such as steel, for example.

As shown in FIGURE 2, the sleeve-encased groups of filaments 111 positioned in the main portion of the tubular casing assembly between the tapered portions 107 are relatively closely packed. The flexible constraining nature of the porous sleeve members 112 maintains the filaments in each group in a compact cross section while permitting each group to yieldably engage the other groups and the inside of the tubular casing assembly, in order to accommodate where necessary the cross sectional deformations necessary to achieve a packing condition of a higher degree than could be obtained by groups of rigid circular transverse cross sections. This is best shown in FIGURE 2a. The filament groups and the filaments themselves engage each other, and the casing assembly, laterally in a number of elongated areas or lines extending along the length of the groups and filaments (FIGURES 2, 2a, and 4). These elongated areas define between the groups, between the filaments, and between the groups and the interior of the casing assembly, a plurality of transversely evenly distributed elongated passageways extending along the length of the filaments and the tubular casing assembly. These passageways have very little lateral communication, and force circulation of fluid in the casing assembly and outside the hollow filaments to move substantially longitudinally along the filaments and the interior portion of the tubular casing assembly between the tapered portions 107.

A positional relationship of the filament groups adjacent their ends and resulting from the tapered portion 107 of the tubular casing assembly, is shown in FIGURE 3. It will be seen in this figure that the enlarged interior cross section at the tapered portion 107 reduces the packing density of the filament groups and increases the spacing between them to permit improved distribution and collection of fluid between the inlet and outlet means 108, 109 and the elongated passageways between the adjacent filaments, and groups of filaments.

The interior tapered end portion 107 of each end of the tubular casing assembly 101 cooperates with the corresponding tapered portion of the cast wall member 950 to develop a wedging action to help maintain the fluidtight seal between these parts. A similar action occurs as a result of the engagement between the engaged tapered portions of outer closure member 103 and the cast-wall member 950.

An important feature of the apparatus involves the inner face SF of the cast wall members 950. This surface is relatively smooth, continuous, even, and substantially free of sharp deviations in the direction along which the hollow filaments extend. It is important that this configuration be achieved and maintained so that a fluidtight seal exists around the hollow filaments without diminishing the effective surface area of the filaments between the cast wall members. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the inner surface SF of the cast wall members 950 has a concave curved configuration of a right circular cylinder, as shown. This configuration results o h e if ga ca t g op a o p fer b y employed to form the cast wall member 950 and which will be described in detail hereinafter.

The hollow filaments 111 may be composed of any polymeric material which is suitable for selective or differential permeation fluid separations. They may be made of olefin, ester, amide, silicone, ether, nitrile, or sulfide polymers; or of any other suitable polymer or copolymer. Suitable hollow filaments can be made from polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyhexamethylene adipamide, copolymers of tetrafluoroetyhlene and hexafluoropropylene, cellulose acetate, ethyl cellulose, polystyrene, copolymer of butadiene and styrene and many other polymers and copolymers. The filaments may be prepared in any suitable manner, such as by solution spinning or by melt spinning. The hollow polymeric filaments are preferably between about and about 500 microns in outside diameter and preferably have wall thicknesses between about 1 and about 100 microns. Hollow filaments between and 250 microns in outside diameter with wall thicknesses between 2 and 50 microns are specially preferred.

The density of packing of the hollow filaments 111 Within the flexible porous sleeve members 112 may for practical purposes be of any convenient value above about but for optimum results should be as high as practicable. Packing density is defined as the percentage of the cross sectional area which is enclosed within the outer walls of the hollow filaments inside the tubular casing assembly 101. For a housing assembly of circular transverse cross section of inside diameter D containing N hollow filaments of circular cross section and outside diameter D the packing density is given as follows:

Packing density (percent) X 100 The packing density defined in this way has a maximum value of 90.5% for circular cross section hollow filaments in a hexagonally close packed arrangement and maximum value of 78.5% for square close packing. Packing densities above 45% inside the flexible porous sleeve members have been achieved without difficulty. Packing densities up to 60% or more can be obtained by maintaining the filaments parallel, surrounding them by a sleeve member, and reducing the peripheral dimension of the sleeve member to compact the filaments contained therein. When g oups of sleeve-encased compacted filaments have been bundled and drawn into tubular casing assemblies as shown in the drawings, packing densities of about 55% have been achieved. Overall packing densities above about are preferred in the permeation units of the type shown in FIGURES l-4. These high packing densities do not prevent all movement of fluid into and out of the bundles between the filaments, but they do cause the fluids outside of the hollow filaments in the tubular casing assembly to flow along and in the direction of the filaments in a given group or bundle. This flow condition causes desirable concentration gradients to be established and maintained inside the housing assembly along the hol ow filaments when a fluid mixture is passed through the hollow filaments in the housing assembly. This will be discussed in more detail at a subsequent point in the specification.

The flexible porous sleeve members 112, 113 may be made of any suitable material, natural, reconstituted, or synthetic, of suitable strength and compatible with the fluid mixture being handled, the polymer from which the hollow filaments are made, the material forming the cast.

wall members, and the other materials with which the sleeve will come in contact. The sleeve members may be of any practical construction which is porous and flexible. Preferably the sleeve members should be of a strong abrasion resistant material, or a construction, which is capable of shrinkage or shortening at least in the transverse peripheral dimension to give a uniform constraining Cir compacting action on and along an enclosed bundle or group of filaments. A preferred construction i a circularly knit fabric sleeve of a suitable material such as cotton thread, for example, which sleeve is capable of considerable reduction in transverse peripheral dimension when the sleeve is placed under tension longitudinally. This sleeve is especially advantageous, for when tension is exerted on such a sleeve surrounding a bundle to pull a filament bundle into a tubular casing assembly, the tension also results in uniformly compacting and reducing the bundle cross section along the bundle length to facilitate positioning the bundle in such a casing assembly without flattening or damaging the filaments of the bundle. The sleeve members 113 may also be made of woven, or non-woven fabric, or of punched or cut cylindrical tubes or tubes of netting as shown in FIGURES 5a, 5b, 5c, and 5a. The ability of the sleeve member to shrink or reduce its radius or circumference uniformly and evenly is highly desirable and important.

The tubular casing assembly may be made with any suitable transverse cross sectional configuration and of any suitable compatible material of sufficient strength. Cylindrical metallic housings, for example; steel pipe, are satisfactory, being reasonably easy to produce and assemble. The size of the tubular casings of the separation apparatus units may vary from less than one inch to many inches in outside diameter, and may vary from a few feet to many feet in length.

An idea of the effective construction and use of hollow filaments in the apparatus of this invention may be indicated by the fact that in a separation apparatus embodying features of this invention and having a tubular casing assembly about six inches in diameter and eight feet long, about twelve million hollow filaments have been packed to give an effective membrane surface area of about 20,000 square feet.

In certain forms of the fluid separation apparatus of this invention. it is desirable to introduce fluid adjacent each end of the tubular casing assembly (see final stage of FIGURE 8) and remove fluid from the assembly at a position intermediate its ends. Under these circumstances, it is desirable to provide an enlarged interior cross section for the assembly at this position intermediate its ends to reduce the packing of the filaments and filament groups for a limited distance to permit lateral flow and collection of fluid from between the filaments and filament groups.

The east end closure members 950 may be made of any convenient settable or solidifiable material of sufficient strength and compatibility with the other parts of the apparatus. Solders, cements, waxes. adhesives, natural and synthetic resins may be used. This cast wall member material may set or solidify because of freezing or cooling, or because of cooling, or because of chemical reactions which cause polymerization, condensation, oxidation, or other hardening processes. Other desirable properties of the settable or solidifiable material are: a loW viscosity in the liquid form to promote easy penetration of filament bundles prior to solidification or setting, a high density to perform better under the centrifugal casting action (to be described in detail hereinafter), absence of gas evolution or similar physical change during solidification, minimum or no change in volume during solidification, and minimum evolution of heat during solidification. Synthetic organic resins are well suited for use as setting materials with the preferred polymeric compositions of the hollow filaments. The preferred materials from which the cast wall members are formed are epoxy resins.

In describing the operation and functioning of the apparatus unit shown in FIGURES 1-4, the description will first be given of the unit operating as first stage unit in a multi-stage system. In use as a first stage unit for the enumerated separations of gases (Where the component with the highest permeation rate through the hollow filament walls to be separated from a fluid mixture represents only a small percentage of the mixture), it has been found advantageous to move the initial mixture through the interior of the hollow filaments and collect the permeated fluid from the outside of the hollow filamerits. With respect to FIGURE 1, this general procedure is accomplished by bringing the inlet stream of the initial fluid mixture at elevated pressure into chamber 130 at the left hand end of the apparatus, as viewed in FIG- URE 1, through conduit means 104, From this chamber 130, the fluid mixture then moves through the interior portions of the hollow filaments of filament groups 110 to a similar chamber 130' at the right hand end of the apparatus as seen in FIGURE 1. With a suitable pressure and/or concentration diflerential maintained between the inside and outside of the hollow filaments, a fraction of the initial fluid mixture enriched in the component with the highest permeation rate will permeate outwardly through the walls of the hollow filaments into the space between the inside of tubular casing assembly 101 and outside of the hollow filaments. The resulting fluid mixture, or eflluent, which reaches the chamber 130', somewhat depleted in the component with the highest permeation rate through the filament walls, is removed through conduit means 104.

The enriched fraction of the initial fluid mixture, or permeate product, which has permeated through the walls of the hollow filaments may then be removed from the interior of tubular casing at a lower pressure relative to that of the inlet stream, through a suitable outlet means such as 108. The preferred mode of operation involve the use of a sweep fluid stream, which may be a portion of the inlet stream at lower pressure, moved into the casing assembly 101 through inlet means 109, along the outside of the hollow filaments in the casing assembly, and out through outlet means 108. Sweep fluid flow in a direction countercurrent to the inlet stream flow is preferred in order to maintain desirable effective concentration gradients. Under these conditions, the close packing of the filaments and groups, which is made possible by the sleeve members 112, 113, together with the resulting longitudinally extending passageways between the filamen s and groups, as discussed previously, result in highly eflicient evenly distributed fluid flow patterns inside casing assembly 101 and outside the hollow filaments in which flow patterns undesirable back mixing of the fluid outside the hollow filaments, and disturbance of the desirable concentration gradients is kept to a low minimum. In addition, the large amount of effective membrane surface area present per unit volume of the casing assembly in its extremely small thickness, also contributes importantly to the eflicient, practical, economically feasible fluid separation rates of this apparatus.

Under conditions in which the fluid mixture component to be separated (with the highest permeation rate through the hollow filament walls) represents a large percentage of the mixture, it has been found desirable to introduce the initial fluid mixture under elevated pressure into the interior of the tubular casing assembly 101 and outside of the hollow filaments through inlet means 109 and remove it as the effluent stream from outlet means 108 in condition depleted of its highest permeation rate component. In this mode of operation, a fraction of the initial fluid mixture enriched in the component with the highest permeation rate will permeate inwardly through the hollow filament walls into the interior of the hollow filaments from which it maybe removed at lower pressure through conduit means 104 and/or 104' after being collected in chambers 130 and 130. It is also desirable in this mode of operation to utilize a sweep fluid moving countercurrently to the flow of the initial fluid mixture, bringing it in through conduit means 104 and removing it and the permeate product through conduit means 104. This mode of operation has been found advantageous for the final stage apparatus units of a multi-stage gas separation system. However, it is understood that in other applications of the invention, such as water desalinization, or hydrocarbon separations other arrangements may be more advantageous.

Another desirable final stage version involves supplying the inlet fluid mixture into the casing assembly outside the hollow filaments at a point adjacent each end of the assembly and removing the depleted inlet mixture from the casing at a point between the ends of the casing (Final Stage Figure 8). In this version the fluid which permeates into the interior of the hollow filaments is removed simultaneously from both ends of the apparatus (Final Stage FIGURE 8). It will be noted that this establishes the desirable countercurrent flow of permeated fluid and inlet fluid mixture with its desirable concentration gradients.

With the preferred materials of construction, these apparatus units embodying principles of the invention can be operated satisfactorily at ordinary atmospheric temperatures and at moderate pressure levels, well below 1000 pounds per square inch for example, although the hollow filaments will easily sustain sufficiently high pressure dilferentials to give commercially required flow rates. The flexible porous sleeve members 112, 113 which surround the groups of filaments not only serve a very useful purpose during assembly of the fluid separation apparatus of the invention but are important as a part of the apparatus combination itself in that they also continue to protect the hollow filaments during operation and function to maintain the lateral, or transverse, compressive stresses substantially evenly distributed throughout the entire bundle of closely packed hollow filaments without flatten- 1ng or damaging the hollow filaments, even those at the outer periphery of the bundle in contact with the tubular casing assembly walls.

The preferred use of centrifugally cast wall members to close the casing assembly ends and seal around the filaments is believed to be extremely important to the overall apparatus combination in achieving an effective uniform fluid-tight wall and seal between the very small closely packed filaments and between those filaments and the casing assembly, without wicking of the wall material (when in liquid form) between and along the filaments due to capillary action which could cause voids in the wall and would, by coating the filaments surfaces, reduce the effective membrane area within the casing assembly for permeation and separation.

The apparatus unit shown in FIGURES 1-4 can be combined in various forms and ways to provide many dilferent multi-unit and multi-stage separation systems if desired or required. A number of such systems are shown in FIGURES 6, 7, 8, 9 and 9a.

FIGURE 6 shows one of the most simple forms of a multi-stage gas separation system embodying features of the invention, a two stage system in which a supply conduit 201 supplies a feed or inlet stream to a pressure regulating valve 202 from which the inlet stream is passed via conduit 203 through the hollow filaments of a first stage separation apparatus unit 100, of the type shown in FIGURE 1. Conduit 204 conducts the depleted stream or efl'luen-t which has passed through the hollow fi aments of the first stage separation apparatus unit to a pressure regulating valve 206 from which the eflluent stream may be vented, recycled, or otherwise disposed of. A conduit 210 carries a portion of the feed inlet stream to control valve 208 from which the stream is passed into the casing assembly of the first stage separation unit 100 as a sweep fluid by conduit 209. Control valve 208 is controlled by a fluid analyzer unit 207 which is connected to analyze the effluent fluid composition in conduit 204. The sweep fluid and permeated fluid are removed from the first stage casing assembly through conduit 211 and supplied to compressor unit 212 which raises its pressure prior to being supplied via conduit 2-13 to the interior of the hollow filaments of second or final stage separation apparatus 100. The fluid from the interior of the hollow filaments of final stage apparatus 100 is passed along conduits 214 and 215 to control valve 218 and thence through conduit 216 is recycled into the inlet stream to the first stage separation unit. Control valve 218 is controlled by a fluid analyzer unit 217 which is connected to analyze the composition of the recycled efiluent stream from the second stage separation unit. Permeated fluid is removed from the second stage casing assembly through conduit 219 as the final permeate product. Fluid analyzer unit 220 analyzes the compositions of the final product fluid and is operatively connected to analyzer unit 217 as will be discused at a later point.

In operating this system of FIGURE 6, automatic control, or pressure regulating valves 202 and 206 maintain the feed fluid and eflluent fluid pressures at desired values Fluid analyzer unit 207 determines the concentration of the more permeable components of the process fluid in the depleted efiluent fluid and operates control valve 208 to maintain a desired constant low concentration. Thus, if the etfluent concentration becomes too high, control valve 208 is opened to increase the sweep fluid flow; if too 'low, the sweep fluid flow is decreased. Similarly, fluid analyzer 217 determines the concentration of the more permeable components in the recycle fluid and operates control valve 218 to maintain a constant concentration, which is set or determined by analyzer unit 220 of the product stream. If the concentration of the recycle fluid becomes too high, analyzer unit 217 causes control valve 218 to close to reduce the flow of the recycle fluid, thereby i11- creasing the traction of the inlet fluid to the second stage unit which permeates through the hollow filament membranes and reducing the concentration of the more permeable components in both recycle and product fluids. Similarly, if the concentration of the product fluid becomes too low in the more permeable components, analyzer 220 raises the set point of analyzer unit 217 which in turn causes control valve 218 to open to increase the recycle flow rate, reducing the fraction of inlet fluid to the second stage unit which permeates and increasing the concentration of the more permeable components in both recycle and product fluid streams.

In operating a two stage separation system of the FIG- URE 6 type to concentrate helium in a mixture of helium and nitrogen, a gas mixture containing 0.47% helium were compressed to 400 p.s.i.g. and combined with a recycle stream described below. The resulting feed gas (5315 standard volumes per minute) was passed into a separation apparatus unit of the type shown in FIGURE 1 having hollow filament membranes composed of poly- (ethylene terephthalate). The fed gas was passed into one end of the apparatus, through the interior of the hollow filaments, and out the other end of the apparatus. A portion of the starting gas was reduced in pressure to 9.8 inches of mercury and passed as a sweep gas into the tubular casing assembly of the unit near its exit end. The depleted efiiuent gas which had passed through the interior of the hollow filaments of the first stage contained 0.047% helium for a recovery of 90%. The combined permeate and sweep gas (693 volumes per minute) from this first stage unit contained 3.6% helium. This combined permeate and sweep gas was compressed to 450 p.s.i.g. and passed through the interior of the hollow filament membranes of the second stage unit (also of the type shown in FIGURE 1) 242 volumes per minute. After passing through the interior of the hollow filaments of the second stage uni-t, the depleted recycle stream contained 1.63% helium at a pressure of 438 p.s.i.g. The permeate product taken from the inlet end of the tubular casing assembly of the second stage unit '(8 volumes per 10 minute) contained 63.0% helium. The recycle gas was combined with the starting gas mixture to make the feed to the first stage unit.

Systems of this type can be used with suitable hollow filament membrane compositions to obtain air enriched with oxygen, to recover hydrogen of increased purity from its mixture with other gases, to separate methane from other hydrocarbons, and for other separations.

FIGURE 7 shows a somewhat more elaborate system than that of FIGURE 6 and embodying principles of the invention preferably used for repurifying helium or recovering oxygen from air. This three stage system comprises nine compressors C, in three sets, all preferably driven by suitable means such as electric motors, each set associated with one or more permeation apparatus units at each of the three stages. The initial or feed stream moves through conduit 301 to a sampling device S thence to a flow rate measuring device R and on through conduit 302 to pressure gage G and the first first stage compressor C. At the exit of this and all of the compressors C the flow passes serially by a pressure gage G, through two water cooled heat exchangers and an automatic filter trap comprising filter F and trap T before entering the second compressor C of that separation stage. Each filter trap T is connected to return oil to its own compressor to maintain lubricant level. Each compressor unit is supplied independently with water for the cylinder head and heat exchangers. The inter-compressor pressures are monitored by gages G and limited by relief valves (not shown). The pressure at the final compressor C of each separation stage is adjusted by a back pressure regulator returning to a ballast tank (not shown) which also serves as a feed gas reservoir. It will be seen from this FIGURE 7 showing that the inlet stream, depleted inlet or etfluent stream, and permeate stream for each separation unit 100 are each monitored as to pressure by gages G and as to rate of flow by flow rate measuring devices R. In addition the dead end pressure in the casing assembly of each separation unit is monitored by gages G. Provision also was made (not shown) for recycling depleted gas or eflluent from each of the second and third separation stages and for analyzing the composition of the stream moving in any flow line. It will be apparent from FIGURE 7 that the feed stream moves through the three compressor units C associated with the first separation stage and is passed via conduit 315 through the interior of the hollow filaments of the first separation stage unit 100, the depleted stream leaving the interior of the hollow filaments then passing through conduits 316 and 317 to be recycled or vented. The permeated stream is removed from the casing assembly of the first separation stage unit by conduit 318 and supplied to the three compressors associated with the second separation stage unit. The stream from these compressors is supplied as an inlet stream via conduit 332 to the interior of the hollow filaments of the second separation stage unit 100, the depleted stream leaving the interior of the hollow filaments of this unit through conduits 333 to be recycled or vented. The permeate stream is removed from the casing assem bly of the second separation stage unit via conduit 334 and supplied to the three compressors associated with the third separation stage unit 100. The stream from these compressors is supplied as an inlet stream via conduit 349 to the interior of the hollow filaments of the third stage separation unit 100, the depleted stream leaving the interior of the hollow filaments of this unit through conduits 350, 351 to be recycled or vented as desired. The permeate or final product stream is removed from the casing assembly of the third stage separation unit via conduit 352 and through another back pressure regulator unit R.

In operating the FIGURE 7 system an analyzer unit analyzing the permeated product of the third stage separation unit adjusts the set point of a second analyzer unit analyzing the recycled stream from the second stage separation unit which in turn controls the rate of flow of this recycled stream. The rate of flow of the efliuent streams (when recycled) is controlled by valves V. This mode of operation has advantages since the composition of the third stage permeate product stream does not change as quickly or as much in response to changes in the second stage recycle flow rate as does the composition of either the second stage recycle or permeate stream. In a somewhat less desirable variation of operation of this three stage system, the flow of recycle gas from the third stage is controlled in response to changes in its composition. This variation is less desirable because the volume of this third stage recycle gas is considerably smaller than the volume of the second stage recycle gas and because it changes much less in composition with changes in its flow rate because it contains an appreciably higher concentration of more permeable components. However, this three stage system is very eifective in separating a product gas of very high purity from a feed gas of moderate purity, such as a very pure helium from a mixture containing about 40% to about 70% helium. In such an arrangement, a countercurrent sweep gas may be used in the first stage unit or units, using depleted effluent gas from the first stage rather than the initial feed mixture.

FIGURE 8 shows a separation system which may be viewed as a three stage system utilizing separation units similar to that shown in FIGURE 1 in which the efiiuent or depleted inlet stream from the first stage arrangement is stripped or treated in an auxiliary stage. The feed stream, entering through conduit 430 passes through a filter and then via conduit 431 into the interior of the hollow filaments of the first stage permeation unit 100. The depleted stream or efiiuent coming from the interior of the hollow filaments of the first stage permeation unit is conducted by conduit 432 into the interior of the hollow filaments of the auxiliary stage permeation unit 100. The depleted stream or effiuent from the interior of the hollow filaments of the auxiliary stage permeation unit is vented or otherwise disposed of via conduit 433. A portion of this efiiuent stream is supplied by conduit 434 into the casing assembly of the auxiliary stage permeation unit as a sweep gas. This sweep gas and gas permeated outwardly through the hollow filaments of the auxiliary stage unit is carried via conduits 435, 438 to a deoxo unit where it is reacted with air to remove any hydrogen by forming water therewith, the water being removed in the dryer unit. A portion of the sweep gas and permeated gas from the casing assembly of the auxiliary stage unit is passed into the first stage unit casing assembly as a sweep gas by conduit 436. This sweep gas and permeated gas from the first stage unit casing assembly are carried by conduit 437 to joint the stream carried by conduit 435, moving to the deoxo unit. After passing through the deoxo unit and dryer units this stream is supplied to the compressor C associated with the second stage permeation unit or units by conduit 4411. The stream then is supplied as an inlet stream via conduits 443, 444, 446, and 447, to two points adjacent the casing assembly ends in the casing assembly of the second stage unit 100. This depleted inlet stream is removed from the casing assembly of the second stage unit at a point intermediate the ends of the assembly and recycled to the inlet stream of the first stage unit by means of conduit 442. The gas stream permeated inwardly through the hollow filaments of the second stage unit is collected and carried away from the interior of the hollow fi aments, as shown, by conduits 448, 449 and led via conduit 450 to the compressor C associated with the third stage permeation unit. From this compressor the stream is supplied as an inlet stream via conduits 451, 452, 453 to two points adjacent the casing assembly ends in the casing assembly of the third stage unit. This depleted or eflluent stream is removed from the casing assembly of the third stage unit at a point intermediate the ends of the assembly and recycled via conduit 445 to the inlet stream of the second stage unit. The gas stream permeated inwardly through the hollow filament membranes of the third stage permeation unit is collected and carried away from the interior of the hollow filaments, as shown, by conduits 454, 455, 456 as a final permeate product, compressed at a final compressor C and led to storage or use via conduit 457.

In operating this FIGURE 8 system, a fluid mixture containing a relatively high concentration of the more permeable components is fed to the first stage permeation unit, the depleted efiiuent from thisfirst stage being supplied as an inlet stream to the auxiliary stage unit which also is provided with a sweep fluid. The permeated fluid and sweep fluid from the first and auxiliary stages are mixed with the recycled eflluent stream from the third stage unit, and the permeated fluid from the second stage is further concentrated or enriched in the third stage. In controlling this system, the flows of sweep gas are regulated to obtain a desired low concentration in the depleted efliuent from the auxiliary stage. The recycled efliuent stream from the third stage is adjusted to obtain the desired high concentration of permeated product. This system is particularly useful when the feed fluid contains a relatively high concentration of an especially valuable more permeable component, such as in the recovery of over 95% of the helium from a 60% helium mixture as a 99.9% or higher purity product.

The data given in the following tables (Table I and Table II) is representative of the physical features (Table I) and operating conditions and values (Table II) typical of a system such as that shown in FIGURE 8 operating to produce 1 million cubic feet of helium per day at 14.7 p.s.i.g. and 70 F. from a feed gas as indicated. The feed gas composition is composed of helium, nitrogen, methane, and hydrogen in the percentages indicated in Table II. The hollow filament membrane composition is as-spun poly(ethylene terephthalate).

Feed or inletto units 1 Interior hollow filaments. 2 Casing assembly.

TABLE II V Oper. Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Proc. Point Descr. Fig. 8 Press. Flow 1 He N2 CH4 H2 H2O Fine. Point No. Fig. 8:

401 Initial Feed 1, 400 1,188 58. 39. 4 1. 8 0. 3 0 1.6)( 402. 4 1,188 58. 5 39. 4 1. 8 0. 3 0 1.6)(10- 403 Stage 1 Feed 415 1, 329 58. 5 39. 4 1. 8 0. 3 0 1.6)(10- .404. Aux. Stage Feed 315 552 3. 6 92. 3 4. l 16 055 0 405. Efil. Gas Waste 215 499. 8 0. 12 95. 53 4. 3 7X10* 046 0 6 36. 9 59. 3 3. 5 0. 15 0. 148 0 97. 0 2. 36 0. 16 0. 48 01 0 93. 0 6. 16 0. 36 0. 46 0. 185 0 92. 6 7. 0 0. 36 00012 0. 046 0. 46 0 79 0 0 21 0 92. 6 7. 0 0. 36 00012 0. 046 0 92. 6 7. 0 0. 36 00012 0. 046 0 98. 96 0. 96 0. 06 0002 0. 022 0 93. 0 6. 5 0. 23 00013 0. 044 0 58. 4 39. 22 2. 1 00023 0. 27 0 99. 89 0. 1 006 00011 0024 0 99. 89 0. 1 006 00011 0024 0 99. 998 0015 0001 0001 00012 0 99. 998 0015 0001 0001 00012 0 1 Flow in s.c.f.m. 2 P.s.i.a.

FIGURE 9 shows a preferred four stage separation system embodying principles of the invention and utilizing in each stage one or more separation units of the general type shown in FIGURE 1. The feed or inlet stream, entering the system through conduit 501 passes through a pressure regulating valve 502 and a control valve 504 actuated by an automatic controller 545 for final feed stream pressure control and then via conduit 505 into the interior of the hollow filaments of the first stage permeation unit 100. The depleted stream or efiiuent coming from the interior of the hollow filaments of the first stage permeation unit is conducted by conduit 506 to a control valve 507 actuated by an automatic controller 532 for eflluent pressure control. From valve 507 this stream passes through conduit 508 to vent, recycling, or other disposition. A portion of the feed stream is diverted through a flow sensing device 534, conduit 533, pressure regulating valve 541, conduit 539, control valve 538, and conduit 540 into the casing assembly of the first stage permeation or separation unit 100 as a sweep stream. This sweep stream and the fluid permeated outwardly through the hollow filaments of the first stage permeation unit is carried from the casing assembly of the unit by conduit 509 to compressor unit C1 and thence via conduit 510 into the interior of the hollow filaments of the second stage permeation unit 100. The depleted stream or efliuent coming from the interior of the hollow filaments of the second stage separation, or permeation, unit is carried via conduit 511, control valve 557, and conduit 591 as a recycle stream to join with the inlet stream supplied by conduit 505 to the interior of the hollow filaments of the first stage separation unit. The fluid permeated outwardly through the hollow filaments of the second stage separation unit is carried out of the'casing assembly of this unit by conduit 513 to compressor unit C2. From compressor unit C2 this stream is supplied as an inlet stream via conduit 514 into the casing assembly of the third stage separation unit 100 to two spaced inlet points each adjacent one end of this casing assembly. The depleted stream or efiiuent from the casing assembly of the thirdstage separation unit is removed therefrom at a point on the casing assembly between the two inlet points by conduit 515 and passes through pressure regulating valve 516,. and conduit 517 to be recycled into the inlet stream to the second stage separation unit carried by conduit 509. The

. stream of fluid which permeates inwardly through the hollow filaments of the third stage separation unit is removed from both ends of the interior of the hollow filaments and the unit by means of conduits 518, 519 and carried via conduit 520 to compressor C3. From compressor unit C3 this stream is supplied as an inlet stream via conduit 521 into the casing assembly of the fourth and final stage separation unit at two spaced inlet points each adjacent one end of the casing assembly. The depleted or efiluent stream from the casing assembly of the fourth stage separation unit is removed therefrom at a point on the casing assembly intermediate the two inlet points and moves for recycling through conduit 522, pressure regulating .valve 523, and conduit 524 to be recycled into the inlet stream to the third stage separation unit carried by conduit 513. The stream of fluid which permeates inwardly through the hollow filaments of the fourth stage separation unit is the final permeate product and is removed from both ends of the interior of the hollow filaments and the unit by means of conduits 525, 526 and carried to storage or use by conduit 527. The composition, or concentrations of the permeate product stream is preferably continuously monitored by analyzer unit 578.

Each compressor unit is provided with a by-pass vacuum breaker arrangement as shown to control the pressure of the permeate streams.

The flow rates of the efiiuent streams from the third and fourth stage separation units were controlled by control valves 566 and 575, in conduits 567 and 576 respectively, to maintain the desired concentration or compositions of these streams and of the final permeate product.

The system is provided with process control unit 551 which alternately analyzes the effiuent stream concentration or composition leaving the first stage separation unit and the recycled stream concentration or composition leaving the second stage separation unit. A bleed line or conduit 560, having a pressure regulating valve 561 there in connects the efiluent stream in conduit 506 to unit 551 for analysis and a bleed line 562 having pressure regulating valve 563 therein connects the recycle stream in conduit 511 to unit 551 for analysis. A signal representative of the analysis of efiluent (concentration or composition) in conduit 506 is transmitted via conduit 550 to controller unit 547 which compares the signal with the desired or set-point concentration or composition and generates an error or difierence signal which is transmitted to controller unit 536. A rate of flow signal generated by flow sensing device 534 is transmitted to controller unit 536. With these two inputs, controller unit 536 actuates control valve 538 to maintain a desired predetermined concentration or composition in the efiluent stream from the first stage separation unit. A signal representative of the analysis of recycle concentration or composition in conduit 511 is transmitted via conduit 552 to controller unit 553 which compares the signal with the desired or set-point concentration or composition and generates an error or difference signal which is transmitted to controller 555. A pressure dilference signal generated by pressure sensing device 559 connected across conduits 511 and 510 is transmitted to controller 555. With these two inputs, controller unit 555 actuates con trol valve 557 to control the flow in conduit 511 and maintain a desired predetermined concentration or composition in the recycled efliuent stream from the second stage Summarizing generally the operation of the FIGURE 9 system, the flow of sweep fluid to the casing assembly of the first stage separation unit is adjusted by means of control valve 538 and controller units .547 and 536 to maintain a predetermined low concentration, or composition, of the more permeable components in the depleted effluent carried by conduit 506. In addition, the flow of either the second stage recycle stream, the third stage recycle stream, or the fourth stage recycle stream is adjusted in response to changes in the concentration, or composition, of the second stage permeate stream, the third stage permeate stream, or the fourth stage permeate product stream. The preferred arrangement as illustrated in FIGURE 9 is to control the rate of the second stage unit recycle stream to maintain a desired high concentration of the more permeable component in the fourth stage permeate product stream. Such a system with this process of operation is especially useful in recovering a high fraction of a high purity product from a fluid mixture containing a low concentration of a more permeable component, as for example in recovering helium from natural gas.

A pilot plant for recovering helium from natural gas using a four stage system embodying principles of this invention and of the type shown in FIGURE 9 was built and operated successfully. The system utilized hollow filament membranes of poly(ethylene terephthalate) with outside diameters of about 29.2 microns and inside diameters of about 15.5 microns. The first stage arrangement contained a number of separation units connected in parallel with a total of about 50 million hollow filaments with effective lengths of about 200 cm. and an effective total area of about 73,000 square feet. The second stage arrangement contained about 11 million hollow filaments with effective lengths of 75 cm. and an effective total area of about 617 square feet. The first and second stage arrangeemnts operated with the feed or inlet streams supplied into the interior of the hollow filaments. The third and fourth stage arrangements operated with the feed or inlet streams supplied into the casing assemblies outside of the hollow filaments, each having active filament lengths of 86 cm., with about 10,400, and 3200 hollow filaments respectively and effective areas of about 66.4 and about 20.3 square feet respectively. This system included automatic control units for adjusting the flow of sweep gas to the first stage arrangement in response to analysis of the depleted efiluent gas from the first stage arrangement, and for adjusting the flow of the second stage recycle stream in response to analysis of this recycle stream. In addition, the desired concentration of the recycle stream was changed or controlled in response to changes in the helium content of the fourth stage final permeate product. This pilot plant system operated cntinuously with minor fluctuations in flow rates and gas mixture compositions under the following conditions (minor losses and those due to sample streams are not indicated) (Table III):

The eifectiveness of the control arrangement was tested by introducing upsets into the smoothly operating process. The following upsets were introduced:

(a) the set-point for the desired helium concentration was changed for the first stage depleted effluent and the second stage recycle streams,

(b) the rate of flow of the inlet stream to the first stage was changed by changing the pressure of the first stage depleted effluent stream, and

(c) the concentration of the feed or inlet stream to each stage was changed.

In all cases, the automatic control arrangement functioned to restore the process to equilibrium within a short time and the fourth stage permeate product concentration remained unchanged.

These control arrangements of these separation systems of the invention result in the smooth operation of continuous permeation separation processes and systems with a minimum of upsets. With appropriate instrumentation, the control system automatically adjusts itself to the many changes in process conditions which can occur during normal operation of a commercial plant. For instance, an increase in the concentration of the more permeable components in the feed gas will tend to increase their concentration in the depleted efiluent gas and in the product gas from the first stage. In response, the control system will increase the amount of sweep gasto make operation of the first separation stage more eflicient. The increased sweep gas will increase the volume and change slightly the concentration of more permeable components in the product gas from the first stage. The rate of flow of the second stage recycle stream then changes in response to changes in its concentration. These changes will eventually tend to increase the purity of the product gas from the last stage. In response, the control system will reduce the recycle rate from one of the stages. When the system reaches equilibrium, the net result will be maintenance of the desired low concentration of more permeable components in the depleted efiluent gas and production of a product gas of the desired high purity at a faster rate.

Likewise, an automatic control arrangement operating the system of this invention will adjust to a decrease in separation efficiency in any stage. Such a decrease can, for example, be caused by the development of a leak in a separation membrane which permits feed gas to mix with the product gas in one of the separation stages. If such a leak develops in an intermediate stage, the resulting decrease in purity of the feed gas to the next stage will tend eventually to decrease the purity of the product gas from the last stage. The automatic control system will then increase the recycle rate to increase product purity to the desired level and, as a necessary consequence, decrease the concentration of more permeable components in the recycle stream. Eventually this decrease in recycle stream purity will decrease the concentration of more permeable components in the recycle stream to the first stage and tend to decrease the concentration of more permeable TABLE III (Helium) percen Stream in Pressure, Flow by Conduit N o. Stream Description p.s.i.g. (s.c.i.m.) volume) System Feed 740 51.0 0. 50 do 315 50. 9 0.50 1st Stage Sweep 1 -22. 5 O. 12 0.50 1st Stage Feed. 315 51. 6 0. 59 1st Stage Etiluent 248 49. 7 2.032 1st Stage P611'Il68te 1 22. 5 2. 05 13.1 2nd Stage Feed 375 0. 91 13. 0 2nd Stage Reeyele 345 O. 76 3. 8 2nd Stage Permeate" 1 15. 5 O. 15 59. 8 3rd Stage Feed 200 0. 10 61 3rd Stage Recycle. 200 0. 06 10 3rd Stage Permeate 0 0. 04 4th Stage Feed." 0.025 85 522 4th Stage Recycle 110 0.016 74 525, 526 0. 010 99. 9

4th Stage Permeate (product-) 0 l Inch Hg.

components in the depleted efiiuent gas. The automatic control arrangement disclosed will. react to change the amount of sweep gas to restore the depleted effluent gas to its desired composition. 1

Another frequent advantage of the control technique and arrangement of this invention is a reduction in the number of. stages required in a multistage process for separating the components of agas mixture from the number required by similar processes of the prior art. This reduction in the number of stages results partly from operation of the initial stripping and later enriching stages at high efliciency and partly from operation of the process with recycle streams more concentrated in the more permeable components than the feed streams with which they are mixed. The recycle streams will normally make up only a small or moderate fraction of the total feed to any stage, but the concentration of the more permeable components in the recycle stream may in the early stages be from two to over ten times the concentration in the feed stream with which it is mixed, so the mixture has a significantly increased purity and therefore permeates more rapidly to give a product of increased purity. Similarly in the later stages, the recycle stream may have from half to one-tenth the concentration of the less permeable components and may make up from a small fraction to a major fraction of the total feed to a stage. The result is again a faster permeation of a significantly more pure product. a

A corollary advantage of the control arrangements and technique of this invention is a reduction in the membrane areas needed in all stages in production of a desired amount of a product gas of desired purity. Operation with recycle streams more pure than the streams with which they are mixed implies efiicient utilization of the membrane area present.

Another corollary advantage is reduced installation and operating costs because of the reduced number of stages and the reduced membrane area per stage. Operation with the control arrangement of this invention results in changes in the amount of first stage permeate almost in proportion to changes in the feed gas composition, and any required changes in membrane area can be made in the later stages, Where the addition or removal of a single permeation unit has a relatively large effect on the capacity of the plant.

Operation of the enumerated gas operation processes and systems of this invention with tube-side feed, or feed to the interior of the hollow filaments in the first or stripping stages has the unexpected advantage of a very large difference in the efiiciency of the separation obtained. This greater efliciency results from the improved contact between the feed gas and the membrane obtained with tube-side feed and the more favorable partial pressure differences obtained with improved contact, low permeate pressure,'counter current flow, and the use of sweep gas. The practical effect is a very significant decrease in the membrane area required at any given production level.

Operation of the processes and systems of this invention with shell-side feed, or feed into the casing assembly outsidetof the hollow filaments, in the final or enriching stages without asweep stream has the unexpected advantage and result that reduced permeation rates and decreased permeate purities resulting from imperfections and deficiencies of the hollow filaments are greatly reduced or completely eliminated.The technical basis for this unobvious result is described in the following discussion.

With tube-side feed, or feed'into the filament interiors, a plugged hollow filament is filled with stationary gas derived from either the feed mixture or the effiuent mixture. As this gas becomes depleted'by the permeation of the more permeable components, the concentration of less permeable components increases and significant amounts permeate to reduce the concentration of more permeable components. The result is decreased permeate purity and reducer permeate volume because of the plugged hollow filament. With shell-side feed, or feed into the casing assembly, and counter-current operation, a ho1 10w filament which is plugged near the feed end of the apparatus is, in effect, plugged at both ends since countercurrent operation 'involves removing permeated gas from the hollow filaments only at the feed end of the apparatus. A hollow filament which is plugged near the end of the apparatus from which the depleted efiluent gas is removed is, conversely, not significantly different from other hollow filaments in the apparatus. The net effect of plugged hollow filaments with shell-side feed is, therefore, a small reduction in the amount of permeate Without significant reduction in concentration.

With tube-side feed, restricted fiow by partial plugging increases time of contact between the feed gas and the membrane and therefore increases the fraction permeated and reduces the purity of the permeate. The effect of the flow restriction on the quantity of the permeate will depend on its location. If the restriction is near the end of the apparatus from which depleted effiuent is withdrawn, the average pressure inside the partially plugged hollow filament is increased with little change in permeate volume but permeate concentration is considerably decreased due to the longer contact time resulting from slower flow through the hollow filament.

With shell-side feed, partially plugged hollow filaments have little effect on permeate purity or volume because they have little effect on the pressure or flow rate of the low pressure, low density permeate.

Hollow filaments smaller than average have much the same effects as partially plugged hollow filaments, reducing permeate purity and volume with tube-side feed but not with shell-side feed.

With tube-side feed, hollow filaments larger than average permit faster flow of the feed gas, reduce contact time to reduce the fraction permeated, increase permeate purity, and increase the concentration of the more permeable components in the depleted efiluent. With shell-side feed, hollow filaments larger than average provided more-thanaverage surface area, increase permeate volume, and slightly increase permeate concentration because of increased partial pressure ditferences due to lower permeate pressure.

With tube-side feed, a broken hollow filament is especially harmful, greatly increasing the volume of permeate and reducing its purity. Both the feed gas and the depleted efiluent gas are at higher pressure than the permeate, so both flow through the open ends of a broken hollow filament to pass relatively large volumes of feed or effluent gas into the permeate space. Only a few broken hollow filaments per thousand therefore greatly reduce permeate purity and increase its volume. With shellside feed, one end of each broken hollow filament is not used and the amount of feed gas passing through the other end is reduced by the pressure drop in the length of hollow filament between the break and the permeate exit. The advantage of shell-side feed is then to reduce the amount of feed gas passing into the permeate space by more than half. I I

Another unexpected advantage of shell-side 'feed'in'en riching stages is reduced danger of breaking hollow filament membranes with excessive pressure, less stringent requirements for control of operating pressure, and great er freedom in varying the operating pressue to balance the output of successive stages in a multistage process. With tube-side feed in enriching stages, the filament Wall thickness which gives optimum high productivity and ef ficient separation at any particular pressure is frequently small enough to leave only a small margin of safety between the operating pressure and the threshold burst pressure at which a small fraction of the filaments'will burst. Tube-side feed stages must, therefore, be operated within a narrow range of pressures for efficient use of their membane areas without danger of bursting the filaments. With shell-side feed, on the other hand, considerably higher pressures can be used without any danger of filament collapse. The amount of permeate obtained from a stage can then be conveniently varied by changing the operating pressure and adjusted to match and balance the amounts of gas handled in successive stages of the process. The resulting freedom in operating the process greatly reduces the size of the system and the complexity of the control arrangement required.

As an illustrative example of this, when the four stage system shown in FIGURE 9 is used in the described operation to produce 99.99+% helium from natural gas containing less than 1% helium with feed into the hollow filaments of the first two stages and into the casing assemblies outside the hollow filaments in the last two stages, calculations indicate that without this preferred arrangement, the system would require an additional stage, larger effective membrane surface area, and greater power for compressions. With feed to the interior of the hollow filaments in all stages, an additional initial enriching stage would be required with a moderate increase in effective membrane area but requiring also a more significant increase in power for compression. With feed into the casing assembly outside of the hollow filaments in all stages, an additional final stage would be required with a large increase in effective membrane area but a less significant increase in power for compression.

Feed to the interior of the hollow filaments is preferred in intial separation stages when the feed gases contain less than about 25% of the more permeable components and is more preferred and adavantageous when this percentage is less than about 5%. Feed into the casing assembly is preferred for final separation stages when the feed gases contain more than about 80% of the more permeable components and is more preferred and advantageous when this percentage is more than about 95%.

It has been indicated in the preceding descriptions of the multi-stage systems embodying features of this invention that a given separation stage, or separation stage arrangement, may comprise a number of separation units connected in parallel. An illustrative multi-unit stage arrangement of this type embodying principles of the present invention is shown in FIGURE 9a. This arrangement will be described as representative of an initial stage of the FIGURE 8 helium separation system. In this figure, the feed stream passes through conduit 620, pressure regulating valve 605, and conduit 621 from which it is divided and flows through conduits 636, 644, and 651 to control valves 637, 645, and 652 respectively, and thence via conduits 638, 646, and 653 respectively to the interior of the hollow filaments of separation units A, B, and C respectively. The depleted effluent streams from the interior of the filaments of separation units A, B, and C move via conduits 639, 647, and 654 respectively, control valves 602a, 602b, and 6020 respectively, valves 641, 649, and 656 respectively, and conduits 642, 650, and 657 respectively, and thence join in conduit 643 to proceed through pressure regulating valve 606 to vent a recycle. A portion of the feed stream in conduit 621 is led oif by conduit 622 through valve 607 to conduit 623 from which it is divided and flows through conduits 624, 628, and 632 respectively to valves 625, 629, and 633 respectively, thence via conduits 626, 630, and 634 respectively to valves 6010:, 601b, and 601a respectively, from which conduits 627, 631, and 635 carry the streams into the casing assemblies of separation units A, -B, and C respectively as sweep gas streams. The sweep gas streams and permeated streams are carried from the casing assemblies of permeator units A, B, and C by conduits 658, 661, and 663 respectively, through valves 659, 662, and 664 respectively, to join as one permeate product stream in conduit 660. Pressure drop sensing device 609 selectively senses the pressure drop across the feed streamefliuent stream of each separation unit by means of conduits 670, 669, 668, 672, 674, and valves 673, 674, and 667. Pressure drop sensing device 608 senses the pressure drop across the entire stage as shown and the feed and efiluent pressures are controlled by pressure regulating valves 605 and 606 respectively. In order to illustrate the types of variations in characteristics possessed by separation units of the same type and size the permeator units might be described as follows:

Unit A.optimum condition, all hollow filaments identical in size and shape, leak-free and unrestricted; thus, for a given operating pressure and feed gas concentration, its separation performance will have a maximum value.

Unit B.marginal in quality, hollow filaments may be undersize, or of non-uniform sizes and/or shapes, may be plugged or restricted and may have leaks; thus when operated under same conditions as separation unit A, it will have reduced gas-handling capacity and both permeate and effluent concentrations will be low.

Unit C.short hollow filaments and/or oversize hollow filaments will have a large capacity with high permeate and efiluent concentrations. Its recovery of permeate gas will be low.

In the operation of the separation arrangement, it is desirable to maintain permeate and efiiuent concentrations at some constant practical value. And, in order to facilitate the adjustment of effective membrane area by adding or removing separation units to or from a given stage arrangment, it is very desirable that each individual separation unit have the same gas handling capacity and separation performance. Starting with sweep stream valves 601a, 601b, and 6010 fully closed and efiiuent stream valves 602a, 60211, and 602a fully open, these objectives can be achieved by adjusting these valves to give the concentration required. Opening an effiuent stream control valve, such as 602a, will increase separation unit capacity and produce higher permeate and effluent stream concentrations; opening of a sweep stream control valve, such as 601a, will not affect capacity but will greatly reduce the effluent stream concentration with only a small change in the permeate stream concentration. When a given separation unit has been adjusted to give the same gas handling capacity and separation performance as the others, the pressure drop across it as indicated or sensed by device 609 will be a measure of the quality performance of an individual separation unit. When, in a given unit set of valves, the sweep-stream control valve, such as 601a, has been fully closed and the efiluent stream control valve, such as 602a has been fully opened, further adjustment cannot be made and that unit should be removed from service.

A preferred arrangement for manufacturing the improved fluid separation apparatus of the invention is illustrated in FIGURES 10-20 of the drawings.

Continuous hollow filaments either in the form of monofilament or multi-filament yarns are received in wound packages P which are positioned as shown on a supply frame structure 700 (FIGURE 10) which comprises vertical members 701 interconnected with horizontal members 702 preferably supported on wheels or rollers W. The filaments 111 or yarns from each package are led through suitable guide elements E carried by the supply frame structure to a suitable rotary apparatus 800 which winds up the hollow filaments to simultaneously form a plurality of skeins or banks as shown in FIGURE 10. The rotary apparatus shown comprises a base 703, a vertical support 704, in which is journalled a horizontal shaft 705. Shaft 705 is provided at one end with a pulley wheel 706 which is driven by an endless belt or chain 707. Shaft 705 carries at its other end a circular member 708 which carries a plurality of radially extending elements 709 each carrying a laterally extending hank supporting element 710. Each element 710 is provided with cut out portions 711 for receiving the hanks 110 formed by winding up the hollow filaments from the packages P.

After hanks 110 of suitable size are formed, rotation of apparatus 800 is terminated and the hanks removed therefrom. Each hank is then engaged at two diametri- 

